Virtual School Curriculum The Focus Of Qualitative Research

Central phenomenon (McMillan, pp. 52-53) – the focus of qualitative research. Virtual school curriculum could be studied and the central phenomenon would be who writes the curriculum and what resources are included in the curriculum. Dependent variable (McMillan, p.39) - the item that responds to alterations of the independent variable. In my professional practice I would research the effectiveness of virtual schooling with regards to standardized testing. In my experience students who exclusively learn through virtual schools do not perform as well on state-mandated high-stakes tests as their face-to-face peers. The dependent variable for this study would be the tests scores. Independent variable (McMillan, p. 39) - the item the researcher manipulates in order to measure changes of the dependent variable. In the hypothetical research mentioned above, the independent variable would be where the students were enrolled, virtual school or traditional school. Refereed (McMillan, p. 72) - research that has been rigorously reviewed and recommendations made to the author from someone not involved in the research itself. An example of a refereed journal is The New England Journal of Medicine, which has an extensive review process in which five different experts review each submission before considering it for publication. The lengthy process can be studied by going to http://www.nejm.org/page/media-center/publication-process. Nonrefereed (McMillan, p. 72) - research that has notShow MoreRelatedA Research On Virtual School Curriculum768 Words   |  4 Pages52-53) – The focus of qualitative research. Virtual school curriculum could be studied and the central phenomenon would be who writes the curriculum and what resources are included in the curriculum. Dependent variable (McMillan, p.39) - The item that responds to alterations of the independent variable. In my professional practice I would research the effectiveness of virtual schooling with regards to standardized testing. In my experience, students who exclusively learn through virtual schools do notRead MoreLiterature Review on the Use of Ict as Classroom Practice2611 Words   |  11 PagesPendidikan Negara Abad Ke-21 (The National Education System for the 21st Century) requires students should learn oral skills, communication skills, ICT skills, research skills, creative thinking skills etc. Countries internationally for example USA, Denmark, Japan, Finland, Portugal Spain also have started to infuse ICT into the Science curriculum (Cheng 2002). An important view on ICT is that it is observed as modern and therefore relevant to students. It is therefore very significant to conduct a studyRead MoreThe Bank Street Curriculum Teaching Method2882 Words   |  12 PagesCurriculum Research Project: Bank Street Sarah L. Cain St. Petersburg College Abstract The Bank Street curricular method is a teaching method commonly used in the United Stated education system. It is based on constructivist ideas and mirrors many other teaching methods, with some differences. This paper attempts to provide and in-depth review of the Bank Street curriculum teaching method. The goal is to provide information to pre service teacher in preparation to educate young children. CurriculumRead MoreHow Do We Achieve that Vision and OVercome the Obstacles Essay1990 Words   |  8 Pagesmentioned above, they are: activating real education reform, proactively strategizing for technology implementation, empowering staff with long-term comprehensive training, redistributing technology investments across schools within each province, and creating and supporting virtual classrooms. While these goals are advantageous even accepting they’re only feasible on a time-scale of at minimum 5 years, the obstacles and failed attempts that surround them can be overcome. To display how, each goalRead MoreDisadvantages Of Distance Learning10300 Words   |  42 PagesMainstream online learning opportunities in public school settings have been slower to gain acceptance, though virtual learning opportunities exist for high school, middle school, and to some extent, elementary school students. K-12 public schools most often use distance learning in particular cases such as to resolve scheduling conflicts, to provide remediation, or to gain access to courses not offered at an individual school (Kentucky Virtual Campus, 2009). Although the physical classroom remainsRead MoreThe Importance of Assessment in Hotel and Restaurant Management8124 Words   |  33 Pagesindustry needs in Greece from an industry perspective. Two single session focus groups consisting of hotel general managers highlighted the need for hospitality management programmes to address industry current and future requirements. The outcome of the study, based on qualitative data, also supports the need for a virtual education/industry co-operation. Keywords: hospitality education, industry needs, hospitality curriculum INTRODUCTION On the threshold of the third millennium, the tourism industryRead MoreWhen a Facebook Page Makes a Difference2608 Words   |  11 PagesEnglish. In total, 35 participants responded to the questionnaire. Also, four participants and one teacher were randomly selected for phone interviews. For data analysis, mixed methods analysis was conducted since the data were qualitative and qualitative in nature. For the qualitative data analysis, the â€Å"grounded† approach was followed to find â€Å"patterns† or â€Å"themes†, and a priori approach for the focused previously-determined questions and responses. As for the quantitative data analysis, percentages ofRead MoreModern Building And Designing Practices10030 Words   |  41 PagesMandhar, 2013; Panuwatwanich, et. al, 2013; Abbasnejad, Moud, 2013; Arnett Quadrato, 2012). There are however, several gaps observed in its adoption due to gaps between the industry and academia. These gaps will be studied during the course of this research in an exploratory manner with the ultimate objective to aid the adoption of BIM in industry. Background BIM can be defined as â€Å"a modeling technology and associated set of processes to produce, communicate and analyze building models† (Eastman etRead MoreAims of Education : the Present Scenario4025 Words   |  17 PagesAIMS OF EDUCATION : THE PRESENT SCENARIO †¢ Establishment of schools on the lines economic and social background (corporate schools for the rich, English Medium schools for the Middle class families and government schools for the people of lower standards). †¢ Linear thinking assuming that engineering an medicine courses are the ultimate. †¢ Disappearance of childhood rote memory replaces joyful learning. †¢ Exam oriented study. †¢ Schools have turned into agencies that provide guidance only for examsRead MoreProfessional Learning Communities Of Educators4217 Words   |  17 Pages Optimising professional learning communities in education for the creation, dissemination and transfer of innovative pedagogies. The aim of the research is to provide recommendations to teacher educators on the most effective ways to facilitate the development and dissemination of innovative educational practice through professional learning communities of educators. The objectives of the study are to: †¢ Evidence the development, dissemination and transfer of innovative educational practice

The Benefits of Responsible Human Cloning Essay - 3100 Words

The Benefits of Responsible Human Cloning On an unremarkable afternoon in July of 1996, in an unremarkable shed in Scotland, a lamb was born. This lamb was to spark a controversy that would be one of the defining arguments of this era. This lamb, simply named Dolly (after Dolly Parton in reference to the mammary cell used as the donor), was the first clone to be born using specialized cells from an adult mammal. The fact that the lamb was cloned from these specialized cells - such as muscle cells, liver cells, or mammary cells - is what made this discovery of such importance. Before this, scientists had thought that these cells had lost their ability to grow into a new embryo. They had already cloned embryos, but this†¦show more content†¦Thousands of lives could be saved. In recent months, the story of this event has swamped the news media. Although many opinions have been expressed, finding anyone who is stating the facts of the issue and not just venting his fears and misconceptions has become extremely difficult. I n fact, despite the enormous controversy surrounding the science, many benefits exist for mankind because of its discovery, and the continued support for the advancement of the science far outweighs any disadvantages that may arise. We cannot afford to l et our emotional biases deter us from allowing this research to continue. To better understand why this is, one must look at the arguments and misconceptions most commonly associated with those opposed to cloning. Cloning is immoral. As the procedure stands now, the cloning of humans is immoral. The procedure used has a low success rate and disfiguration and death is not uncommon, but that is because it has only been developed to be used on animals, with which these types of losse s are far more acceptable. All reasonable scientists agree that the process should not even be attempted until the process is refined to meet acceptable success rates and that those higher success rates will be feasible in the near future.Show MoreRelatedCloning And Its Implications On Human Cloning1497 Words   |  6 PagesCloning and Its Sociobiological Implications Picture this: walking down a street and seeing someone who looks exactly like you. They do the same things as you, act the same way you do, and are exactly alike in several ways. But have people ever considered the consequences of human cloning if it becomes permitted? Human cloning might seem like something out of a science-fiction novel, but it may someday be possible with advances in science and technology. This will result in the creation of severalRead MoreThe Cloning Should Not Be Banned By The Human Body886 Words   |  4 Pages Cloning Dolly, the sheep in 1996 was a momentous moment in scientific history. Scientists removed the nucleus from one of Dolly s skin cells and engineered an egg to be insert with then nucleus. This egg could have fertilized in a mothers uterus. Following this discovery, mice, pigs and cattle have been cloned based on the same concept. In 2012, a group of scientists took cloning a step further and cloned human embryos. With great certainty, human cloning will be banned by the government dueRead MoreCloning Stem Cells From Cloned Embryos Case Study1693 Words   |  7 Pagesa mere â€Å"artifact† with no â€Å"natural purpose† or potential â€Å"to evolve into an embryo and eventually a human being,† and therefore falls outside the category of human beings. A similar argument views that obtaining stem cells from cloned embryos is less morally problematic because embryos resulting from SCNT are better thought of as tissue culture, whereas IVF represents instrumen tal support for human reproduction. Since creating offspring is not the goal, they argue, it is misleading to use the termRead MoreResponsibility and The Dangers of Science in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley1110 Words   |  5 Pagesanyone. Everyone around Victor felt the effects of his mistakes. There even are people who feel responsible for what happens because of Victors actions. One does not need to be directly responsible for an incident to receive the blame for its occurrence  (Moss 118). Elizabeth feels she is responsible for Williams death because she gave him the necklace that was on Justine. Victor feels responsible for the death of Justine, although he is not the one who actually killed her. Who knows what mightRead More The Benefits of Cloning Research Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesThe Benefits of Cloning Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"To be or not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the last fifty years new forms of technology have been the center of attention for every human being. It seems that every day scientists come up with some new, perhaps even controversial, and exciting ways to improve the quality of life. These new technologies affect every aspect of life, as we know it. One such technology is the research being done in the area of cloning. Cloning is the production of one or more cells, individualRead MoreHuman Cloning Is Justified?1295 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Human Cloning is Justified Imagine a world where disease was non-existent, long term injuries could be healed in half the time, a world where our life spans could be greatened to an extent never seen before by man. This could be achieved with the cloning of humans, artificial cloning is the next evolutionary step for mankind.Although many would claim human cloning is unethical and dangerous, there are procedures at hand currently that are far from that. The act of human cloning allows forRead More Cloning Technology: With Respect to Faith and Reason Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesCloning Technology: With Respect to Faith and Reason Church VS Science The idea of sitting in an airport and seeing someone walk past that looks identical to you may seem absurd, but due to new scientific development it may not stay that way for long. In 1953 two scientists by the names of James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA.1 DNA can be defined as the makeup of chromosomes, which carry genetic information. DNA is present in nearly every living organismRead MoreThe Morality Of Genetically Modified Animals For The Purpose Of Pharming And Xenotransplantation879 Words   |  4 Pagesmorality of genetically modifying animals for the purpose of pharming and xenotransplantation: the potential benefits and the reality. Although genetic modification of mammals carries promises of being able to use said modified mammals as a source of materials used in pharmaceuticals or creating mammalian species with organs that can be transplanted in humans, the reality is that reproductive cloning in mammals has a low success rate. Because of the high demand for organs including hearts, livers, andRead MoreThe Ethics of Cloning Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Richard Dawkins â€Å"Cloning may be good and it may be bad. Probably its a bit of both. The question must not be greeted with reflex hysteria but decided quietly, soberly and on its own merits. We need less emotion and more thought† (Dawkins, 2011). Cloning is a general term used to describe the replication of biological material (Cloning Fact Sheet, 2009). Throughout this paper the reasoning behind why cloning is an acceptable and potentially life changing science will be examinedRead MoreEssay about The Ethics of Human Cloning979 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ethics of Human Cloning In order to make a fully justified decision on whether human cloning is ethical or not, one must be exposed to the background of the subject. To start, a clone is an exact replica of an organism, cell, or gene. The process itself is done asexually with the use of a cell from the original human. It is then placed inside a female capable of bearing a child and is then born as a clone. Along with this comes questions of whether or not it is right

Compare and contrast Alexander II and Alexander III free essay sample

Although they were father and son, the reigns of Alexander II and Alexander III took off in completely different directions. Alexander II was committed to his empire by vowing to reform Russia, making it more in line with nineteenth-century western society. His son, on the other hand, was the unprepared tsar, whose actions were literally reactions to his father’s unexpected assassination. Consequently, Alexander II went down in history as much more productive in the field of domestic policy; in dealing with revolutionaries; and in his foreign policy than his son Alex III would ever be. 1855 was a tough time for Alexander II to take the throne. Russia was in the middle of a costly war which they were losing, liberals were pushing hard for reform, and nobles were in fear of losing their power. On the home front, people were looking for change, and Alexander was their best hope. In 1856, when the Treaty of Paris was signed, he gave a speech promising Russians a new era of peace. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast Alexander II and Alexander III or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To the dismay of the nobles, Alexander also hinted towards the end of serfdom, saying that it was better â€Å"to abolish serfdom from above, than to wait until that time when it begins to destroy itself from below. † Having made multiple visits to gubernias, or provinces, he kept himself familiarized with domestic issues. Because of his many travels, he relied heavily on his advisers and used bureaucratic methods to solve enormous problems facing the nation such as emancipation, which he signed into law in 1861. Although the standard of living for peasants remained at a low, the abolishing of serfdom was a great step forward, as it let to other reforms, including the zemstva government, the opening of schools to all classes, and the easing of censorship. After the assassination of Alexander II, the liberal ministers resigned, and conservatives took their posts. This, coupled with the shock of his father’s demise, influenced Alexander III, and he became stubborn and unimaginative. His reign became known as the â€Å"Era of Counter-Reforms,† as he tried his best to undo all the liberal reforms his father had put into place. Alexander III’s stance on domestic issues came as no surprise. As a youngster, he was tutored by Konstantin Pobodonestev, a conservative, forceful man who strongly opposed Western ideology. Pobodonestev’s ideas and beliefs rubbed off on the young boy, and he blamed his father’s liberal-minded reforms as the cause for his murder. Seeking to strengthen the autocracy, he gave officials the power to declare a state of emergency, and to arrest or fine anyone unreliable. He also cleverly cut off schools by setting up discriminatory admission rules, against women, poor families, and the Jews. He then forced the expansion of Russian culture and language by forcing everyone in the nation to speak, write, and think in Russian; otherwise known as Russification. Alexander III preferred having as much control as possible over his people, something he did not have in common with his father. Despite all the work Alexander II did toward reforming Russia, the â€Å"Era of Great Reforms† left one crucial aspect unaltered: the power of the emperor. The intentional neglect of this was what kept the reforms from realizing their true potential. This led to dissatisfaction, which encouraged repression, terror, and most importantly: revolution. The first was the Polish Rebellion, caused by the failure of Russian authorities to suppress Polish nationalism. Although the Poles failed, other minorities sprung up for their voice to be heard. On April 2, 1879, a terrorist shot at but missed Tsar Alexander. These violent acts of terror split apart Russian radicals. People that approved of such actions formed an organization named the People’s Will. Those who opposed terror called themselves the Black Partition. Alexander II did little to suppress these groups, however, and eventually fell victim to members of the People’s Will, bleeding to his death on March 13, 1881. Because of the way his father was killed, Alexander III was very cautious when it came to revolutionaries. He made it very clear to his government that he wanted to rid Russia of everyone associated with revolutionary views. Alexander abandoned the plans his father had of creating a constitution, and believed that only absolute autocracy could fight the revolution. Subsequently, repressing the revolutionaries became a recurring theme for Alexander III’s reign. The Treaty of Paris, which signified the ending of the Crimean War, was Alexander II’s first important foreign-policy act. The result of the treaty was unfortunate because Russia lost important territories, and the Black Sea became neutral territory. This was a huge blow to Russian influence in that region. Russia then tried to turn things around, with the help of France. Alexander II met with Napoleon III multiple times to coordinate agreements. However, in 1863, the French emperor gave moral and diplomatic support to the Polish insurrection, which soured Franco-Russian relations. With the diplomatic assistance of Otto von Bismarck, war with France and Britain was avoided. Bismarck also helped Russia recover parts of what it lost from the Crimean War, however, Alexander was not yet content. He tried to recover the remainder of his losses: the province of Bessarabia and the influence in Turkey, but this led to the Turkish War of 1877-78. Although the war ended in disappointment because it did not increase Russian prestige in the East, Alexander II was able to recover Bessarabia. Lastly, the Treaty of San Stephano, which extended Russian influence into the Balkans, was of little benefit. The other Great Powers urged Russia to modify it at the Congress of Berlin in 1878 and as a result, Russia had less influence in the Balkans. The foreign policy of Russia underwent some major changes directed by Alexander III. Relations with Germany began to fall through because the tsar was suspicious that Bismarck was plotting hostile designs against Russia. Hence, Russia sought an alliance with France, and wanted to create a counter- alliance against the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria, and Italy. However, his unsure feeling that France would not provide stability resulted in prolonged negotiations. It was not until 1895, after Alexander III’s death, that France and Russia were referred to as allies. One could argue that both Alexander II and Alexander III did what they thought was the best for their nation. While Alexander II took to reform to modernize the country, his son based his reign solely on reactions to his father’s assassination, and carried out his policies with great caution. As a result of this, Alexander II fared better than his son in the critical areas of domestic policy, in dealing with revolutionaries, and in foreign policy. Unfortunately for both rulers, they could not imagine the eventual grand revolution that would later take place in Russia.

Racial Profiling Essays - Offender Profiling, Race And Crime

Racial Profiling The topic of racial profiling amongst minority individuals in the state of New Jersey has been a heated issue for the past several years. This department has been charged with numerous allegations of racism and is the main focus for racial based events in police departments nationwide. Although racial profiling amongst police officers in the state of New Jersey has been a major issue for many years, it has not been until recently that action has been taken in order to investigate the alleged profiling that has occurred. Hence, until recently, African American drivers on the New Jersey turnpike stood a much greater chance than white drivers being stopped by the state police for a random drug search.(Cohen) However, racial profiling is not only holding victims of minority simply on the road, but also minority-based officers within the department are being victimized as well. Moreover, the issue of racial profiling has been raised in the courts and will continue to be analyzed. On April 21, 1999 Governor Christie Todd Whitman spoke at a press conference in Newark, NJ. She stated that, - 1 - evidence of racial profiling is not something the state had any reason to anticipate.(Whitman) In contrast, the American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey stated, officials have been fighting this issue for more than five years. (ACLU) Moreover, Based on statistical evidence presented to the courts in 1994 and 1995, they found in a 1996 decision that a policy of racial profiling was in operation on the New Jersey Turnpike(Diamond). Moreover, the state has consistently disputed the courts' findings, yet up until one week before the state's appeal was to be argued in court, the state had dropped all charges of its appeal. In evidence, reports presented at trial in the case of State vs. Soto, it revealed that although African Americans comprised only 13.5% of drivers and 15% of the vehicles speeding along the stretch of the turnpike in South Jersey, they comprised 46.2% of the people stopped by the State Police. (Diamond) Furthermore, State vs. Soto was the case in which broke the ice when addressing the problem of racial profiling in New Jersey. After the case of State vs. Soto was ended in the courts, the U.S. Justice Department led allegations against the New Jersey State Police. In order to rectify the - 2 - situation, reports stated, the State Police do not consider race ethnicity or national origin in deciding who is stopped.(Cohen) Thus, in lieu of the accusations forced upon the state police the department, they were ordered to implement racial hiring quotas imposed by the U.S. Department of Justice. However when addressing this issue it was stated by Carson Dunbar, Superintendent of Policing in New Jersey that, many of the minority applicants still failed the easier application requirements. Furthermore, due to the rigorous accusations, officials implemented rules that required minority officers. However, they claim that they were unable to reach their quota due to their lack of qualified minority applicants. Hence, the statistical breakdown of the applicants in 1999 was as follows, out of 5,023 candidates, 57% were white, 18% black, 15% Hispanic and 3 % Asian.(Diamond) However, out of the 105 recruits that were selected for training , 85% were white, 10% Hispanic, 4% black, and 1% Asian.(Diamond) Consequently, under the terms of the legal agreement set forth by the Department of Justice, the state police were mandated to recruit at least 22% black candidates and 11% Hispanic. As figures above - 3 - state, even if combined black and Hispanic recruits, the number would still not amount to 22%. Thus, although legal documents are created, they are respectively not being implemented. Besides implementing new quota regulations on hiring, Christie Todd Whitman made the decision to replace 58 year old white Superintendent Williams with black FBI Agent Carson Dunbar Jr. who became the first minority to lead the states predominately white 2,700 member trooper force. Many still debate that the only reason Williams was replaced was to take the issue of racial profiling out of the limelight. Furthermore, about 4 months after firing Williams, Whitman echoed comments in a New York Times Magazine article that quoted her saying, troopers can use race as one of several factors

The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government Essay Example

The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government Paper One of the Novels we have read this semester is the first book in Suzanne Collins’ trilogy, The Hunger Games. In the book the main character Katniss Everdeen, a girl from District 12, lives in a world in which every year a male and a female tribute from each of the 12 Districts are selected to fight to the death in what is called the Hunger Games, created by the Capitol of Panem. Katniss ends up volunteering for her younger sister prim after she had been selected for the games. Katniss must fight for survival in the arena to make it home to her family after she had promised her sister that she would do her best to make it out alive. The world in which the people of this book live in is ruled by a totalitarian government that uses isolation, the inability to have free speech, and even the Hunger Games itself as a means of enforcing and retaining their power over society. The use of isolation is one way that the government makes it so the people are not able to escape from their rule. A fence borders the outside of each of the districts which no one is ever allowed to leave except under certain circumstances .An example of isolation is when Katniss says â€Å"After the war, the Capitol destroyed all the nests surrounding the city, but the ones near the districts were left untouched. Another reminder of our weakness, I suppose, just like the Hunger Games. Another reason to keep inside the fence of District 12† (Collins 3). This shows that by placing the mutant tracker jackers around the Districts the people were forced to stay in their regions, thus proving to be a form of government control. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The ability to speak freely can be a very powerful thing, but in Panem’s society it is very dangerous. Free speech is not allowed in Panem and one who speaks freely will most likely receive a severe punishment or death. Katniss foreshadows this when saying â€Å"When I was younger, I scared my mother to death, the things I would blurt out about Di

Transformational Leadership Essays

Transformational Leadership Essays Transformational Leadership Essay Transformational Leadership Essay Structure: Transformational Leader’s Effectiveness Abstract Many studies have been conducted on various leadership types and their effectiveness. James MacGregor Burns first introduced the transformation leadership concept in 1970. Other scholars have also published similar studies. Bernard Bass’s theory examines how leaders affect their followers and literally transform them. Three research studies were examined on transformational leadership, and its effectiveness. The first study proved employees pay close attention to whether leaders practice procedural justice (Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut Walker, 1975). The second study proved effective transformational leadership has a direct effect on the successful implementation of quality management in administrative service. The third study proved effectiveness of leadership is situational determined. Introduction Leaders today encourage followers to step out of their comfort zones, and take risks. Today’s innovation and global competition makes the status quo way of operation an endangered species. Leaders must possess the ability to persuade their followers to step out of their comfort zones, and take a leap of faith. They must be willing to follow their leaders into the unknown. This is accomplished by building trust, and making oneself vulnerable without knowing the outcome or how it will affect ones job. Leaders must have the skills, and ability to change, learn, adapt quickly, and positively as innovation dictates. There are four dimensions of authentic transformational leadership. They are charisma influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration (Bass, 1985; Bass Avolio, 1993). Transformational leader’s personal values are an unshakable force from within that drives them. Their charisma is thought to be the most important aspect of transformational leadership qualities. These perceived values strengthen their ability to unite followers, and transform their beliefs to line up with their own (Bass, 1990; Burns, 1978; Deluga, 1988). Followers identify and aspire to be like these leaders. This luxury gives leaders the influence needed to set high standards for all to achieve. Transformational leaders provide vision and mission to others which instill organizational pride. Their expertise of the organizations tasks, earns them respect among their followers. It is their inspirational motivation that challenged followers to achieve the organizations goals. The leader’s intellectual stimulation complements their charisma. It is hear that high expectations and purpose are communicated in simplicity in an effort to generate creative solutions to problems. This platform allows their followers to question assumptions. They use, rationality, and logic to identify old problems. These problems are then examined from a different perspective to generate innovative ideas for improvement. A transformational leader’s individualized consideration is where employees are viewed as individuals. It is here they increase their employee’s awareness of the importance of their job. They coach them on achieving a better performance. Leaders also motivate their employees to work for the good of the organization instead of exclusively for their own personal gain. They then make employees aware of their individual needs for personal growth. They identify areas to target for development needed to obtain their own personal goals within the organization (Bass, 1985). In the wake of many business scandals there has been an out cry for the need of good leadership, with high morals. Authentic transformational leadership is characterized by its high morals and ethical standards in each of the four dimensions previously detailed. Followers engage in collectively pursuit of these leaders in ethical moral actions. Transformational leader literature has been linked to the long-standing literature on virtue, the moral character of Socratic and Confucian typologies, as well as modern Western ethical agenda. It is important that transformational leadership overcome the unethical pseudo transformational leadership images, which plagues organizations today. Pseudo-transformational leaders endorses only them self. Oppression of its followers, their ideas, and individualization is practice. Submission is enforced, and in some cases these leaders (Jim Jones) invent fabricated obstacles, and teach fictitious visions of superiority. These imaginary enemies instill fear into their followers of outsiders. Some Pseudo-transformational leaders are not so prevalent; they straddle the line of moral virtue. They make inspiring appeals and lead everyone to focus on the positive to maintain creditability with the unsuspecting followers they manipulate. They withhold information (Enron). In some instances they support a proposal in public while privately they may directly impede on its progress. This is done in an effort to postpone or continually delay its implementation. For a period of time pseudo-transformational leaders appear like saints, but are deceptive devils. They go through great lengths to prove to their followers their righteousness. This convinces many to believe they are following a transformational leader, unbeknownst to them they fund the masquerade created by these pseudo-transformational leaders, either until they are swindled out of all their money or until exposed by law enforcement agents. Even after their exposure they will still be able to convince some of their innocence, or justify their wrong doing as being right because of their superiority (Charles Mason). According to Kanungo and Mendoca (1996), transformational leaders are guided by unselfish values. They influence followers with empowerment rather than control. They strive to help their followers develop their own qualities. Authentic transformational leadership fosters moral values of honesty, loyalty and fairness. Values of justice, equality and human rights are a mark of their character. They are sincere leaders who strive to lead followers to attain the organizations objectives and goals. These leaders create vision for their followers, and implement strategies to help them accomplish their goals. Research on Transformational Leadership Effectiveness Three studies were examined to illustrate the effect transformational leadership has in particular situations and its effectiveness Transformation leadership style effect on procedural justice Employee relationships in procedural justice studies did not emphasize which leadership style would enhance procedural justice effects. It was not until recently when Judge Piccolo, and Ilies (2004) statement about the Ohio State factors of justice theory and its importance for future research did scholars begin to examine leadership style effects on justice issues. De Cremer (2004) introduced the leader fairness theory. It suggests that the effectiveness of procedural justice depended on the type of leadership style used to ratify the procedures (De Cremer Tyler, 2005). Transformation leaders have the ability to articulate a shared vision, intellectually stimulate employees, and provide individual differences for employees (Brown Keeping, 2005). This paper will provide evidence as to whether transformational leadership and procedural justice interact in affecting employees’ response. According to Burns (1978), transformational leaders embrace moral values, justice equality, and respectful treatment of their followers. These leaders increase their followers’ moral development. Followers focus on important principles such as justice and equality (Brown and Trevino, 2003). From this we can conclude that transformational leaders should increase the influence of procedural justice as well. Another factor of transformational leadership is the ability to motivate their followers to go beyond self-interest and focus on the common interest of the organization (Bass, 1998; Yukl, 1998). This implies that transformational leadership creates a collectivistic environment and attitude among their followers. Studies show that the more employees identify with the organization the more likely procedural justice will influence their behavior. The analysis suggests that transformational leadership style heightens employee’s awareness of justice issues and a strong sense of group identification which make it a good moderator for procedural justice. Theories of procedural justice have strong emotional consequences (Tyler and Smith, 1998). Procedural injustices bring into being feelings of anger, rejection, and resentment which can influence a wide range of negative emotions (DE Cremer, 2004). In the first study the focus was on how procedural justice and transformational leadership style effects the self-esteem and emotions of followers. The two theories studied are Hypothesis 1) Leader’s transformational behavior and procedural justice interact, such that the effects of procedural justice on followers’ negative emotions are stronger when the leader is high in a transformational style rather than low. Hypothesis 2) Leader’s transformational behavior and procedural justice interact, such that the effects of procedural justice on followers’ self-esteem are stronger when the leader is high in a transformational style rather than low. The author conducted three studies to test these theories. In the first study, 69 Dutch men and women, undergraduate students participated. The results showed that procedural justice influenced participant negative emotions more, if the leadership style was high in transformational behavior. Fairness of procedures affects both personal and collective self-esteem. Fairness in the work environment signals to employees that they are respected, that how they feel matters, because they are valued. Employees with good self evaluations have higher self-esteem (Leary, 2001). In the second study, 57 Dutch men and women undergraduate students participated. The results showed in the high transformational leadership negative emotions were significantly influenced by procedural justice; however for a low transformational leader this was not the case. In the third study, the employees’ perception of their supervisor’s procedural justice and transformational leadership style was examined and the effective responses were measured by means of organization based self-esteem. HRM managers handed out questionnaires at random to 575 male and female civil servants to participate. A total 257 were returned, yielding a response rate of 45%. The results show that procedural justice was affected only when the leader was high in transformational leadership style. The results from the scenario experiment, laboratory experiment, and the organizational survey confirmed the influence of procedural justice and transformational leadership style interaction has a pr onounced affect on their follower’s emotions, and self-esteem. Employees pay close attention to whether leaders use correct and fair procedures when making decisions and allocating outcomes i. e. procedural justice (Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut Walker, 1975). According Burns (1978) transformational leaders encourage followers to embrace moral values, justice, equality, in turn this increase their awareness of fairness and justice, which increase the influence of procedural justice. Transformation leadership effect on quality The second study was conducted at The University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR). UMR received the Missouri Quality Award in 1995 after four years of quality management implementation. UMR was the first public research university in the nation to win this award, and was chosen because of its receipt of the quality award for practicing quality management. The study was conducted by Hirtz, P, D. from University of Missouri-Rolla, Murray, S. L. from University of Missouri-Rolla, and Riordan, C. A. from Central Michigan University, were the effects of leadership on quality was examined. The objective of this study was to identify what relationship existed between the leadership style of administrative service heads, and the perceived implementation level of quality management? The focus was on transformational leadership, transactional and non-transactional leadership styles effectiveness and their effect on quality. The multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) by Bass and Avolio (1995) was administered to nonacademic administrative and service departments at the University of Missouri-Rolla. The campus mail system was used to distribute the surveys to 438 employees in 29 departments. Each survey was coded to guarantee the confidentiality. There were one hundred-nine surveys returned completed constituting 24. 9 % response rate. 24 department leaders consisting of 8 females, and 16 males were included in the study. Each survey determines the leadership style of the department’s manager along with a quality management self-assessment survey to determine the level of quality management implementation. The theories studied Hypothesis 1) Consider the incidence of beneficial leader behaviors (idealized attributes, idealized behaviors, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, and contingent reward) would be positively related to quality management departmental behavior (leadership, information and analysis, strategic planning, human resource development and management, process management, customer focus/satisfaction, and overall total quality score). Hypothesis 2) Consider the incidence of dysfunctional leader behaviors (management-by-exception- active/passive and laissez-faire) would be negatively related to quality management. The results of the survey support the first hypothesis that effective transformational leadership has a direct effect on the successful implementation of quality management in administrative service. The results in the second hypothesis support the theory that passive leadership styles negatively impact efforts of quality management. Transformational leadership universal effectiveness In the third study the focus is on weather transformational leadership is effective universally, and determines how situational moderators limit its effectiveness. The author examines several situational aspects; leader-member relations, task structure, leader position power, follower ability level, and follower authoritarianism, and concludes that effectiveness of leadership is situational determined. Burns (1978), Bass (1985) believe that transformational leaders motivate employees to perform by transforming their attitudes, to strive to achieve the organizations goals. A total of 157 civil servants at one of the engineering services agency branches responded to the survey at a 76 % rate of return. All participants were assured their confidentiality. Each survey included the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire- 5X (MLQ), developed by Bass and Avolio (1989). It consisted of 60, five-point scale items to measure transformational leadership. This MLQ measure is a social-report of the employees perceptions of their leaders transformational behavior. Two individual motive pattern measurements were used: (1) growth need strength, and (2) need for autonomy. Growth need strength was assessed using the standardized twelve-item scale developed by Hackman and Oldham (1974). Need for autonomy was assessed using nine items of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) (Edwards, 1953). The theories studied Hypothesis 1) Whether the follower motive patterns influence the effectiveness of transformational leadership. Hypothesis 2) Whether transformational leadership is more appropriately viewed from individual-level analysis or a multi-level analysis. The results from the first hypothesis revealed that some followers are more receptive to transformational leaders. The study also reveals that situational moderators contribute to the prediction of outcome variables beyond that of leadership behaviors alone. Transformational leaders may be more effective in some environments than they are in others. Transformational leaders in this study were more effective with followers with high growth need strength, compared to followers with low growth need strength. Followers with higher independence rate their leaders as more transformational and are seen by the leader as being more effective in their units. The results from the second hypothesis revealed that transformational leadership is effective in individual and multi-level analysis. Evidence proved that transformational leadership includes behaviors that are apparent with some consistency to all group members. However, it can be applied to some followers more than to others. This supports the individualized consideration behavior of transformational leadership style. Conclusion Further research of how situations affect the effectiveness of transformational leadership is needed. It is clear in this test that quality management programs supported by top management’s commitment to the programs success in turn ensure the programs success. Transformational leaders have unshakable morals, and beliefs, and their ability communicate the organizations vision of the future, allow employees to support and adopt those convictions as their own. Transformational leadership invigorates exploration of innovative ideas that will improve the organizations as well as employees performance. This stimulates an environment that is adoptive to the change which is imperative for the organization to sustain their position in the global market among competitors. The implementation of having top management lead with compassion to promote change directly impact employees self worth to the organization which create loyalty and the diligence needed for them help the organization achieve its goals. This research supports the hypothesis that transformational leadership is positively related to the successful implementation of quality management in administrative service. It also supports the position that passive styles of leadership negatively impact the implementation of quality management. Investments in top manager leadership needed to development into transformational leadership promote higher performance expectation that in turn transcend throughout the organization. The charisma of transformational leaders inspires their followers to emulate them. This will allow the rapid spread of transformation leadership style; which creates a quality conscious organization committed to achieving the organizational goals.

Hazards of Aluminium welding fume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hazards of Aluminium welding fume - Essay Example Electric welding was introduced in 1940s. Aluminium welding has been in prominence since 1970. There are several types of welding like Arc welding and Manual metal arc is a common process where the workers are exposed to the fumes. Carbon arc, Cold welding, Electron beam welding, Flux core arc welding, Gas welding, Gas metal arc welding, Gas tungsten arc welding, Shielded metal arc welding, Plasma arc welding, Laser beam welding are the other welding processes where workers are exposed to metal fumes. The welding workers have a high exposure of metal fumes and the exposure depends on place, confined space, workshop or open air. The metal fumes depend on not only the Aluminium but also the process involved which may produce gases like acetylene, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen , ozone, phosgene and tungsten. The metal fumes primarily enter the human system by inhalation route namely Respiration.. The deposition of these inhaled metallic particles is influenced by its physical and chemical properties and a variety of host factors. In the lungs, these particles produce a variety of reactions depending on the concentration, duration of the exposure of the particles, and degree of exposure. All Metallic particles greater than 10 are deposited on the Mucous membrane in the nose and pharynx. Particles between 3m and 10 m are deposited throughout the trachea of the lungs. Particles less than 3m are deposited in the alveoli and cause serious hazards. These particles have a fair chance of being carried into the blood stream and cause Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity. Health Hazards of Aluminium fumes : Hazards of Aluminium fumes have been well documented in various scientific journals. The health hazard assessment is done by sampling and analysis. Sampling has been well prescribed by the Draft British Standard (DD54) for breathing zone and background samples. Chemical analysis techniques for milligram amounts of fume obtained are outlined in DD54; part I.(Moreton,1982) Aluminium work related Asthma has been established by characteristic patterns of repeated peak flow measurements supported by changes in methacholine responsiveness in workers with work related asthma (Konyerud, 1994).A recent study by keith Harrison of the Queens land Fertility group, Australia has proved the testicular toxicity of such Chemicals in male workers. Studies have also proved that exposure of workers to these metal fumes aged between 20-64, admitted to 11 hospitals in England during the period between 1996-1999, caused health hazards and is a classic case of occupational hazard of metal fume exposure (Palmer, 2003). Further studies on 27 welders with long-term exposure to these metal fumes revealed a reversible increase in the risk of Pneumonia. In the sputum, cell counts, soluble levels of the metal, levels of Interleukin-8, tumour necrosis factor-, myeloperoxidase, metalloproteinase -9, Immunoglobulin (Ig)A, 2-macroglobulin and unsaturated metal binding capacity were analyzed and in the blood samples, evidence of neutrophil activation and IgG pneumococcal antibodies were analyzed. The studies concluded that the local inflammatory response was affected by chronic exposure (Palmer,2006). All welding workers thus, are exposed to acute or chronic respiratory disease. Welding fumes cause